Scott
N. Spak and Marcelo Mena
Downloads
Sectoral CSV and netCDF files: voca_emissions.zip (15 MB)
Temporally
and vertically allocated speciated combined netCDF file: voca_emis.nc (2.5 GB)
Description: This inventory represents anthropogenic and limited
volcanic emissions for South America, through a combination of the most recent
Chilean emissions inventory with a gridded global emissions inventory. The
Chilean inventory is based on the Comisi—n Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA)
2008 reported point source emissions (including the 2008 Pollution Prevention Plan smelter emissions)
and estimated municipal mobile and
residential inventories. Outside of Chile, anthropogenic area emissions are
derived from the combination of the 1¼ x 1¼ EDGAR FT 2000 gaseous inventory
(Olivier and Berdowski, 2001) with Tami Bond's present-day black carbon and
organic carbon inventory (Bond et al., 2004), gridded through the LandScanTM 2006 Global Population distribution and resampled to a 0.10833¼ (roughly 12 km)
latitude-longitude grid. Sulfur dioxide emissions for Peruvian smelters and
volcanoes in Peru,
Ecuador, and Colombia, were estimated by replicating
the analysis of Carn et al. (2007) for daily OMI SO2 PBL retrievals during the
VOCALS REx experimental period (10/15/2008 - 11/15/2008).
File
format: Raw sectoral-level mobile,
anthropogenic area (residential and industrial), and large point source
emissions are provided in comma-separated value (CSV) and gridded netCDF files.
The combined netCDF file includes the sum of all three sectors with vertical,
temporal, and speciation profiles applied. See the RETRO software tools page for mass-conserving emissions regridding options.
Projection:
The data are not projected, but can
be used as a ÒGeographicÓ projection with GIS software packages. The data are
referenced by latitude/longitude (WGS84) coordinates.
Units: All emissions are in metric tons per year
Species: Emissions are estimated for NOx, SO2,
VOCs, CO, and NH3 in the gas phase, with PM2.5 and PM10
for Chile only and black carbon and primary organic carbon outside Chile.
Per
EDGAR conventions,
NOx
= tons NO2
SO2
= tons SO2
Black
carbon = tons carbon
Organic
carbon = tons carbon (not organic mass)
VOCs
= total VOC mass (not just C) across all compounds. For emissions processing,
assume 1 gVOC = 0.07246 mol = average molecular composition of C + 1.8 H.
Particle
speciation: Particles are not speciated
in the Chilean inventory. Suggested PM2.5 speciation:
|
Species |
% of PM2.5 Mass |
|
Primary organic carbon |
20% |
|
Black carbon |
10% |
|
Crustal materials |
70% |
We
assume all coarse mode emissions (PM10 not included in PM2.5) are crustal in
origin.
VOC
speciation: is model dependent. We
allocate VOC mass to the lumped SAPRC-99 mechanism independent of sector, as an
example:
|
SAPRC Species |
% of VOC Mass |
|
ACET |
0.0117 |
|
ALK3 |
0.0767 |
|
ALK4 |
0.0982 |
|
ALK5 |
0.0945 |
|
ARO1 |
0.0718 |
|
ARO2 |
0.0516 |
|
C2H2 |
0.0454 |
|
C2H6 |
0.1498 |
|
C3H6 |
0.0342 |
|
C3H8 |
0.0921 |
|
CCHO |
0.0048 |
|
CRES |
0.0006 |
|
ETHENE |
0.1455 |
|
HCHO |
0.0344 |
|
MEK |
0.0085 |
|
OLE1 |
0.0293 |
|
OLE2 |
0.0476 |
|
RCHO |
0.0033 |
Allocating
VOC mass by emissions activity using the US EPA SPECIATE database could improve speciation.
Vertical
Profiles: Stack height for large
point sources were available for only the largest sources, and ranged from 50 m
to 152 m; where they were not available, we assume a static distribution that
accounts for plume rise:
|
Height AGL |
Point Sources |
Volcanoes |
Area Sources |
|
<30 m |
|
10% |
70% |
|
30-80 m |
30% |
20% |
30% |
|
80-120 m |
50% |
40% |
|
|
120-250 m |
20% |
20% |
|
|
>250 m |
|
10% |
|
Diurnal
Profiles: Point source emissions are
assumed constant. Area source diurnal cycle (as a % of total) from 0:00 to
23:00 local time is estimated as
0.0389,
0.0303, 0.0282, 0.0282, 0.0282, 0.0282, 0.0389, 0.0476, 0.058,0.043,0.0387, 0.0387,
0.0429, 0.0429, 0.0387, 0.0387, 0.045, 0.054, 0.058, 0.052, 0.0476,0.0476,
0.041, 0.0389
- biogenic emissions are not included.
- biomass burning emissions are not yet included. We recommend GFED monthly 1¼ x 1¼ emissions or daily estimates from MODIS fire detection and intensity products. However, South American biomass burning levels during VOCALS REx were relatively low.
- fumarolic emissions estimates for six volcanoes (Galeras, Guagua Pichincha. L‡scar, Lastarria, Nevado del Ruiz, and Reventador). Although Villarrica was active during the REx campaign, emissions were carried eastward and did not impact the VOCALS region.
- the only Peruvian smelters included
in the large point source inventory are Ilo and La Oroya. All other Peruvian emissions
come from EDGAR.
Bond, T.C., et al. (2004), A
technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from
combustion," J. Geophys. Res.,
109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.
Carn, S.A., N.A. Krotkov, A.J. Krueger,
K. Yang, and P.F. Levelt (2007). Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper
smelters detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L09801, doi:10.1029/2006GL029020.
Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski
(2001). Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and
B.J. Heij (eds.) The Climate System, pp. 33-78. A.A. Balkema Publishers/Swets
& Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands. ISBN 905809 255 0.